Western-Made Source of Naguib Mahfouz’s Pharaonic Novels
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Abstract
This paper argues that the efforts and discoveries in Egyptology made by European archaeologists and historians are the main references that helped the modern Egyptian people and writers learn about the history of ancient Egypt. Naguib Mahfouz’s three novels about ancient Egypt – written in the late 1930s when Egypt was under the British occupation and the Turkish rule – unconsciously conveyed postcolonial ideas to the colonized people, i.e, surrender to Fate (the colonizer’s and dictator’s reality) (Khufu’s Wisdom), irrelevance of democratic rule, lack of centralized regime leads to conflict between two domineering authorities – religious and military (Rhadopis of Nubia), and political relief from contemporary oppression springing from nostalgic pride for forcing the invaders out (Thebes at War). The three novels foster enlightenment principles of Egyptian patriotism (rather than Middle-Ages Arab) nationalism, and this helped implement the European colonizer’s strategy: ‘diaírei kaì basíleue ’.
Key words
ancient Egypt, enlightenment, dictator rule, colonialism, patriotism, individualism, Middle-Ages Arab nationalism.
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References
Primary Sources
1. Mahfouz, Naguib. (1977). Abath al-aqdar(Kufu’s Wisdom). Cairo: Misr Bookshop
2. --------------------- . (1977). Rhadopis of Nubia. Cairo: Misr Bookshop
3. -------------------- . (1977). Kefah tiba (Thebes at War). Cairo: Misr Bookshop
Secondary Sources
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8. Benton, Janetta Rebold. (1999). “Ancient Egypt in the European Imagination”. Ed. Robert D. Yanni. Arts & Culture: An Introduction to the Humanities. London: Penguin
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10. Carey, Daniel & Lynn Festa.eds. (2009). Postcolonial Enlightenment. Oxford: OUP.
11. Chaney, Edward. “Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty Revolution”. Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultiness. Eds. M. Ascari & A. Corrado. New York: Rodopi.
12. Chartier, Roger. (1991). The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution. Trans. L.G. Cochrane. Duke University Press
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14. Dwarah, Fouad. (1965). Ashrat odabaa ya-tahadathun (Ten Writers Interviewed). Cairo: Al-Hilal Publishing House.
15. El-Bojy, Mohamed Bakr. (2009). “ rewayat nageeb mahfoz at-tarikhya: tahlil lil-marjeya wal-Ajamalya” (Naguib Mahfouz’s Historical Novels: Analyzing Source and Aesthetics). Gaza Azhar U Journal. Vol 11. Issue 2. (2009): 207-240.
16. El-Sheikh, Ibrahim Sanad. “al- waq’ya fi rewayat nageeb Mahfouz” (Realism in Naguib Mahfouz’s Novels). Sada El-balad Magazine. 7/2/2013.
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20. Grell, Ole Peter & Roy Peter. (2000). Toleration in Enlightenment Europe. Cambridge: CUP.
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22. Israel, Jonathan I. (2001). Radical Enlightenment. Oxford: OUP.
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34. Montserrat, Dominic. (2000). Akhenaton: History, Fantasy, & Ancient Egypt. London: University of Warwick.
35. Mousa, Fatma. (1972). Fir-rewaya al-arabya al-mo’asera (On Contemporary Arabic Novel). Cairo: Anglo-Egyptian Bookshop.
36. Muthu, Sankar. (2003). Enlightenment against Empire. Princeton: Princeton UP.
37. Outram, Dorinda. (1995). The Enlightenment. Cambridge: CUP.
38. Ragheb, Nabil. (1975). Qadyat al-shakl al-fanni end Naguib Mahfouz (Different Forms of Naguib Mahfouz’s Novel). 2nd ed. Cairo: GEBO.
39. Roebuck, Carl. (1966). The World of Ancient Times. New York: Charles S. Sons.
40. Romer, John. (2012). A History of Ancient Egypt: From the First Farmers to the Great Pyramids. New York: Allen Lane.
41. Rose, Mark. (2003). “Early Pharaonic Tales of Naguib Mahfouz”. Archaeological Institute of America. /archive.archaeology.org/online/features/Mahfouz/.
42. Said, Edward. (1979). Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books.
43. Sheppard, R.Z. (1988). “Naguib Mahfouz: A Dickens of the Cairo Cafes”. Times. Vol 132. No. 17. (Oct 24, 1988).
44. Spivak, Gavatri C. (1988). The Postcolonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues. New York: Routledge.
45. Stock, Raymond, trans. (2002). Voices from the Other World: Ancient Egyptian Tales by Naguib Mahfouz. Cairo: AUC Press, 96 pp.
46. Wadi, Taha. (1972). Mad-khal ela tarikh al-riwaya al-masrtya (An Introductory History to Egyptian Novel). Cairo: Elnahda Elmasriya Bookshop, p.67.
47. Welsby, Derek. (1996). The Kingdom of Kush. London: British Museum Press, p.40.
48. Wilson, Ellen Judy & P.H. Reill. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. London: Infobase.
49. Woods, Thomas. (2005). How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization. Washington: Regenery. pp 4 & 105.
1. Mahfouz, Naguib. (1977). Abath al-aqdar(Kufu’s Wisdom). Cairo: Misr Bookshop
2. --------------------- . (1977). Rhadopis of Nubia. Cairo: Misr Bookshop
3. -------------------- . (1977). Kefah tiba (Thebes at War). Cairo: Misr Bookshop
Secondary Sources
1. Abdel-Basir, Hussain. “Naguib Mahfouz wa misr al-fer’awnya” (Naguib Mahfouz and Pharaonic Egypt). Tahrir News. September, 2011.
2. Abdel-qader, Hamid. “al-haneen elan nageeb Mahfouz” (Nostalgia for Naguib Mahfouz’s novels). Maraya Magazine. 11 April, 2013.
3. Abdulla, Mohamed Hassan. (1970). Al-waq’ya fi al-riwaya al-arabya (Realism in Arabic Novel). Cairo: Dar El-ma’aref, p 190.
4. Andrew, Donna T. (1996). “Popular Culture and Public Debate”. The Historical Journal. Vol.39. No.2. (June1996):405-23.
5. Asfour, Gaber. “rewaya-t naguib Mahfouz al-tarikhya” (Naguib Mahfouz’s Historical Novels). Al-Araby Magazine. Issue 488. July 1999.
6. Badr, Abdel-Mohsen T. (1978). Nageb mahfuz: al-ro’ya wal-adah (Naguib Mahfouz: Vision and Technique). Cairo: Dar el-thaqafa.
7. Baikie, James. (1932). Misr al-qadima (Ancient Egypt). Trans. N. Mahfouz. Cairo: Misr Bookshop.
8. Benton, Janetta Rebold. (1999). “Ancient Egypt in the European Imagination”. Ed. Robert D. Yanni. Arts & Culture: An Introduction to the Humanities. London: Penguin
9. Booth, Charlotte. (2005). The Hyksos Period in Egypt. London: Shire Egyptology.
10. Carey, Daniel & Lynn Festa.eds. (2009). Postcolonial Enlightenment. Oxford: OUP.
11. Chaney, Edward. “Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty Revolution”. Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultiness. Eds. M. Ascari & A. Corrado. New York: Rodopi.
12. Chartier, Roger. (1991). The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution. Trans. L.G. Cochrane. Duke University Press
13. Cowan, Brian. (2005). The Social Life of Coffee. New Haven: Yale.
14. Dwarah, Fouad. (1965). Ashrat odabaa ya-tahadathun (Ten Writers Interviewed). Cairo: Al-Hilal Publishing House.
15. El-Bojy, Mohamed Bakr. (2009). “ rewayat nageeb mahfoz at-tarikhya: tahlil lil-marjeya wal-Ajamalya” (Naguib Mahfouz’s Historical Novels: Analyzing Source and Aesthetics). Gaza Azhar U Journal. Vol 11. Issue 2. (2009): 207-240.
16. El-Sheikh, Ibrahim Sanad. “al- waq’ya fi rewayat nageeb Mahfouz” (Realism in Naguib Mahfouz’s Novels). Sada El-balad Magazine. 7/2/2013.
17. Frost, Martin. (2008). “The Age of Enlightenment”. Retrieved2008-01-18.
18. Gay, Peter. (1996). The Enlightenment: An Interpretation. London: Norton.
19. Girmal, Nicolas. (1988). A History of Ancient Egypt. Paris: Librairie Artheme Fayard.
20. Grell, Ole Peter & Roy Peter. (2000). Toleration in Enlightenment Europe. Cambridge: CUP.
21. Hassan, Fekri. (2011).” The Fall of the Old Kingdom”. B.B.C. History.(2011-02-17).
22. Israel, Jonathan I. (2001). Radical Enlightenment. Oxford: OUP.
23. ------------------- . (2009). A Revolution of the Mind: Radical Enlightenment & the Intellectual Origins of Modern Democracy. N Y: Princeton
24. Jusdanis, Gregory. “ Enlightenment Postcolonialism”. Research in African Literatures. Vol 36. No 3. (autumn 2005): 137:150.
25. Kaixiong, Pan. (1996). “ Yu Hua’s Conversation on the 1st Day of the New Year”. Zuojia. No.3.
26. Kors, Alan. (2003). Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. Oxford: OUP.
27. Koselleck, (1988). Critique and Crisis. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
28. Lee, Stephen. (1990). Aspects of European History, 1494-1789. London: Routledge.
29. Manent, Pierre. (1995). An Intellectual History of Liberalism. Princeton: PUP.
30. Marcus, Richard. “Book Review: Three Novels of Ancient Egypt by Naguib Mahfouz”. March 24, 2007. B C blogcritics.http://philobiblon.co.uk/ (16 paragraphs).
31. Martels, Z & R.W.M Von. Eds. “Travel Fact and Travel Fiction”. Books. Google. Co.za, retrieved 17-10-2013. p. 4-6& p 13.
32. Meyerson, Daniel. (2005). The Linguist and the Emperor: Napoleon and Champollion’s Quest to Decipher Rosetta Stone. London: Random House Trade.
33. Mikalson, Jon. D. “Herodotus and Religion in the Persian Wars”. Pp.198-200. Books.google.co.za. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
34. Montserrat, Dominic. (2000). Akhenaton: History, Fantasy, & Ancient Egypt. London: University of Warwick.
35. Mousa, Fatma. (1972). Fir-rewaya al-arabya al-mo’asera (On Contemporary Arabic Novel). Cairo: Anglo-Egyptian Bookshop.
36. Muthu, Sankar. (2003). Enlightenment against Empire. Princeton: Princeton UP.
37. Outram, Dorinda. (1995). The Enlightenment. Cambridge: CUP.
38. Ragheb, Nabil. (1975). Qadyat al-shakl al-fanni end Naguib Mahfouz (Different Forms of Naguib Mahfouz’s Novel). 2nd ed. Cairo: GEBO.
39. Roebuck, Carl. (1966). The World of Ancient Times. New York: Charles S. Sons.
40. Romer, John. (2012). A History of Ancient Egypt: From the First Farmers to the Great Pyramids. New York: Allen Lane.
41. Rose, Mark. (2003). “Early Pharaonic Tales of Naguib Mahfouz”. Archaeological Institute of America. /archive.archaeology.org/online/features/Mahfouz/.
42. Said, Edward. (1979). Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books.
43. Sheppard, R.Z. (1988). “Naguib Mahfouz: A Dickens of the Cairo Cafes”. Times. Vol 132. No. 17. (Oct 24, 1988).
44. Spivak, Gavatri C. (1988). The Postcolonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues. New York: Routledge.
45. Stock, Raymond, trans. (2002). Voices from the Other World: Ancient Egyptian Tales by Naguib Mahfouz. Cairo: AUC Press, 96 pp.
46. Wadi, Taha. (1972). Mad-khal ela tarikh al-riwaya al-masrtya (An Introductory History to Egyptian Novel). Cairo: Elnahda Elmasriya Bookshop, p.67.
47. Welsby, Derek. (1996). The Kingdom of Kush. London: British Museum Press, p.40.
48. Wilson, Ellen Judy & P.H. Reill. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. London: Infobase.
49. Woods, Thomas. (2005). How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization. Washington: Regenery. pp 4 & 105.
Published
2018-10-07
How to Cite
Abdel-Daem, M. K. “Western-Made Source of Naguib Mahfouz’s Pharaonic Novels”. Contemporary Literary Review India, Vol. 2, no. 1, Oct. 2018, pp. 1-14, https://www.literaryjournal.in/index.php/clri/article/view/82.
Section
Research Papers
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